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Physical chemistry
General topics:
Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept;
Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on
mole concept) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and
displacement reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction,
molarity, molality and normality.
Gaseous and
liquid states: Absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation;
Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of
gases, average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their
relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures; Vapour pressure;
Diffusion of gases.
Atomic
structure and chemical bonding: Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen
atom, quantum numbers; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis;
Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of
hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p and d orbitals; Electronic configurations
of elements (up to atomic number 36); Aufbau principle; Pauli’s
exclusion principle and Hund’s rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond;
Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; Orbital energy
diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen bond; Polarity in
molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects only); VSEPR model and
shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar,
pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and
octahedral).
Energetics:
First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat,
pressure-volume work; Enthalpy, Hess’s law; Heat of reaction, fusion and
vapourization; Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy;
Criterion of spontaneity. Chemical equilibrium: Law of mass action;
Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier's principle (effect of concentration,
temperature and pressure); Significance of DG and DGo
in chemical equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and
buffer solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts);
Hydrolysis of salts. Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells and cell
reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Nernst equation and its
relation to DG; Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic
cells; Faraday's laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance,
specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch's law;
Concentration cells. Chemical kinetics: Rates of chemical reactions;
Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order reactions; Temperature
dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation). Solid state: Classification of
solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell parameters a, b,
c, alpha, beta, gamma), close packed structure of solids (cubic),
packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii,
simple ionic compounds, point defects. Solutions: Raoult's law;
Molecular weight determination from lowering of vapour pressure,
elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point. Surface chemistry: Elementary
concepts of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms); Colloids:
types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary ideas
of emulsions, surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples). Nuclear chemistry:
Radioactivity: isotopes and isobars; Properties of alpha, beta and gamma
rays; Kinetics of radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon
dating; Stability of nuclei with respect to proton-neutron ratio; Brief
discussion on fission and fusion reactions. Inorganic Chemistry Isolation/preparation and properties
of the following non-metals: Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus,
oxygen, sulphur and halogens; Properties of allotropes of carbon (only
diamond and graphite), phosphorus and sulphur.
Preparation and
properties of the following compounds: Oxides, peroxides,
hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of sodium,
potassium, magnesium and calcium; Boron: diborane, boric acid and
borax; Aluminium: alumina, aluminium chloride and alums; Carbon: oxides
and oxyacid (carbonic acid); Silicon: silicones, silicates and silicon
carbide; Nitrogen: oxides, oxyacids and ammonia; Phosphorus: oxides,
oxyacids (phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid) and phosphine; Oxygen: ozone
and hydrogen peroxide; Sulphur: hydrogen sulphide, oxides, sulphurous
acid, sulphuric acid and sodium thiosulphate; Halogens: hydrohalic
acids, oxides and oxyacids of chlorine, bleaching powder; Xenon
fluorides.
Transition
elements (3d series): Definition, general characteristics, oxidation
states and their stabilities, colour (excluding the details of
electronic transitions) and calculation of spin-only magnetic moment;
Coordination compounds: nomenclature of mononuclear coordination
compounds, cis-trans and ionisation isomerisms, hybridization and
geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds (linear, tetrahedral,
square planar and octahedral). Preparation and properties of the following compounds:
Oxides and chlorides of tin and lead; Oxides, chlorides and sulphates of
Fe2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+; Potassium
permanganate, potassium dichromate, silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver
thiosulphate. Ores
and minerals:Commonly occurring ores and minerals of iron, copper,
tin, lead, magnesium, aluminium, zinc and silver. Extractive metallurgy:
Chemical principles and reactions only (industrial details excluded);
Carbon reduction method (iron and tin); Self reduction method (copper
and lead); Electrolytic reduction method (magnesium and aluminium);
Cyanide process (silver and gold). Principles of qualitative analysis:
Groups I to V (only Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+,
Pb2+, Bi3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+,
Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and
Mg2+); Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), sulphate and
sulphide.
Organic Chemistry
Concepts:
Hybridisation of carbon; Sigma and pi-bonds; Shapes of simple organic
molecules; Structural and geometrical isomerism; Optical isomerism of
compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z
nomenclature excluded); IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic
compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional and bi-functional
compounds); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections);
Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto-enol tautomerism; Determination of
empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds (only combustion
method); Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical
properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive and resonance
effects on acidity and basicity of organic acids and bases; Polarity and
inductive effects in alkyl halides; Reactive intermediates produced
during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure and
stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals. Preparation, properties and
reactions of alkanes: Homologous series, physical properties of
alkanes (melting points, boiling points and density); Combustion and
halogenation of alkanes; Preparation of alkanes by Wurtz reaction and
decarboxylation reactions. Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes
and alkynes: Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling
points, density and dipole moments); Acidity of alkynes; Acid catalysed
hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry of
addition and elimination); Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4
and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation of alkenes and
alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic addition reactions of
alkenes with X2, HX, HOX and H2O (X=halogen);
Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal acetylides. Reactions of benzene:
Structure and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions:
halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and
acylation; Effect of o-, m- and p-directing groups in
monosubstituted benzenes. Phenols: Acidity, electrophilic substitution
reactions (halogenation, nitration and sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman
reaction, Kolbe reaction. Characteristic reactions of the
following (including those mentioned above): Alkyl halides:
rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions,
nucleophilic substitution reactions; Alcohols: esterification,
dehydration and oxidation, reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides,
ZnCl2/concentrated HCl, conversion of alcohols into aldehydes
and ketones; Ethers:Preparation by Williamson's Synthesis; Aldehydes
and Ketones: oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation; aldol
condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction; haloform reaction
and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition); Carboxylic
acids: formation of esters, acid chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis;
Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic amines,
preparation from nitro compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, azo
coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and
related reactions of diazonium salts; carbylamine reaction; Haloarenes:
nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted
haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution). Carbohydrates: Classification;
mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation, reduction,
glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose. Amino acids and peptides:
General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical
properties. Properties
and uses of some important polymers: Natural rubber, cellulose,
nylon, teflon and PVC. Practical organic chemistry: Detection of elements
(N, S, halogens); Detection and identification of the following
functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde
and ketone), carboxyl, amino and nitro; Chemical methods of separation
of mono-functional organic compounds from binary mixtures.
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